GREEN SYNTHESIZED NANOMATERIALS FROM NATURAL PRODUCTS: CHARACTERIZATION, FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES, AND APPLICATIONS

Abstract

The rising demand for sustainable and eco-friendly materials has driven the interest in green synthesis approaches for nanomaterial production. Natural products, especially phytochemicals from plants, have been established as useful reducing, calming and capping agents in the synthesis of various kinds of nanomaterials, such as metal and metal oxide nanoparticles. The review provides a comprehensive overview of green synthesized nanomaterials from natural resources, highlighting their synthesis mechanisms, physicochemical characterization, and structure-property relationships. Critical discussion of the key analytical techniques for nanoparticle formation and stability including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). Moreover, the functional properties of these nanomaterials such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, catalytic and biomedical activities are discussed. The emerging applications in drug delivery, environmental remediation and energy systems are also discussed. Finally, the current challenges, scalability issues, and future perspectives in the research of green nanomaterials are presented, with emphasis on the progress in sustainable material science.